John Wiley and Sons Radio Network Planning and Optimisation

[maldives]

3 WCDMA Radio Network Planning 93
Achim Wacker, Jaana Laiho, Toma´sˇ Novosad, Terhi Rautiainen and
Kimmo Tera¨va¨
3.1 Dimensioning 95
3.1.1 WCDMA-specific Issues in Radio Link Budgets 95
3.1.2 Receiver Sensitivity Estimation 98
3.1.3 Shadowing Margin and Soft Handover Gain Estimation 99
3.1.4 Cell Range and Cell Coverage Area Estimation 100
3.1.5 Capacity and Coverage Analysis in the Initial Planning Phase 100
3.1.6 Dimensioning of WCDMA Networks with HSDPA 102
3.1.7 RNC Dimensioning 105
3.2 Detailed Planning 109
3.2.1 General Requirements for a Radio Network Planning Tool 110
3.2.2 Initialisation: Defining the Radio Network Layout 124
3.2.3 Detailed Uplink and Downlink Iterations 129
3.2.4 Adjacent Channel Interference Calculations 137
3.2.5 Post-processing: Network Coverage Prediction and Common
Channel Analysis 139
3.3 Verification of Dimensioning with Static Simulations 142
3.3.1 Macro-cellular Network Layout 143
3.3.2 Introduction to the Simulation Parameters 144
3.4 Verification of Static Simulator with Dynamic Simulations 149
3.4.1 Introduction to the Dynamic Simulator 149
3.4.2 Comparison of the Results 151
3.5 Optimisation of the Radio Network Plan 154
3.5.1 Ideal Case 154
3.5.2 Shinjuku Case 158
vi Contents
3.6 Interference in WCDMA Multi-operator Environment 162
3.6.1 Sources of Adjacent Channel Interference 163
3.6.2 Minimum Coupling Loss 164
3.6.3 Dead Zones 166
3.6.4 ACI Simulation Cases 166
3.6.5 Guidelines for Radio Network Planning to Avoid ACI 174
3.7 Cell Deployment Strategies 175
3.7.1 Rollout 176
3.7.2 Hierarchical Cell Structures in WCDMA Networks 177
References 194
4 Radio Resource Utilisation 197
Achim Wacker, Jaana Laiho, Toma´sˇ Novosad, David Soldani, Chris Johnson,
Tero Kola and Ted Buot
4.1 Introduction to Radio Resource Management 197
4.2 Power Control 198
4.2.1 Open-loop Power Control 198
4.2.2 Power Control on Downlink Common Channels 200
4.2.3 Inner-loop Power Control 201
4.2.4 Outer-loop Power Control 207
4.2.5 Power Control during Compressed Mode 209
4.2.6 Power Control with Transmit Power Control Command
Errors 210
4.2.7 Fast Power Control and User Equipment Speed 210
4.3 Handover Control 211
4.3.1 Intra-system–Intra-frequency Soft Handover 212
4.3.2 Intra-system–Intra-frequency Hard Handover 213
4.3.3 Intra-system–Inter-frequency Handover 213
4.3.4 Inter-system Handover 214
4.3.5 Handover Measurement Reporting 214
4.3.6 Compressed Mode 223
4.3.7 Inter-system Handover Procedure 224
4.4 Congestion Control 233
4.4.1 Definition of Air Interface Load 233
4.4.2 Admission Control 235
4.4.3 Packet Scheduling 237
4.4.4 Load Control 242
4.5 Resource Management 244
4.5.1 The Tree of Orthogonal Channelisation Codes in Downlink 244
4.5.2 Code Management 245
4.6 RRU for High-speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) 250
4.6.1 Power Control for High-speed Downlink Packet Access 250
4.6.2 Congestion Control for High-speed Downlink Packet Access 252
4.6.3 Handover Control and Mobility Management for
High-speed Downlink Packet Access 253
4.6.4 Resource Manager for High-speed Downlink Packet Access 255
Contents vii
4.7 Impact of Radio Resource Utilisation on Network Performance 256
4.7.1 Impact of Fast Power Control and Soft Handover on
Network Performance 256
4.7.2 Radio Resource Management Optimisation Examples 267
4.7.3 Call Setup Delay 275
References 277
5 WCDMA–GSM Co-planning Issues 279
Kari Heiska, Toma´s˘ Novosad, Pauli Aikio, Chris Johnson and Josef Fuhl
5.1 Radio Frequency Issues 279
5.1.1 Thermal Noise 279
5.1.2 Man-made Noise 281
5.1.3 Interference Scenarios 281
5.1.4 Interference Reduction Methods 282
5.2 Noise Measurements 285
5.2.1 Acceptable Radio Frequency Environment 285
5.2.2 Conducting Measurements in a Real Environment 287
5.2.3 Measurement Results 289
5.2.4 Conclusions 292
5.3 Radio Network Planning Issues 293
5.3.1 Co-planning Process 294
5.3.2 Transmission Planning 301
5.3.3 Perception of Different Technologies by the End-user 302
5.3.4 Tight Usage of Frequency Spectrum by Different
Technologies 302
5.4 Narrowband and WCDMA System Operation in Adjacent
Frequency Bands 303
5.4.1 Interference Mechanisms 305
5.4.2 Worst Case Analysis 308
5.4.3 Simulation Case Study with a Static Simulator 310
5.4.4 Capacity Reduction 323
5.4.5 Summary and Radio Network Planning Guidelines 327
References

[faisalry]

3 WCDMA Radio Network Planning 93
Achim Wacker, Jaana Laiho, Toma´sˇ Novosad, Terhi Rautiainen and
Kimmo Tera¨va¨
3.1 Dimensioning 95
3.1.1 WCDMA-specific Issues in Radio Link Budgets 95
3.1.2 Receiver Sensitivity Estimation 98
3.1.3 Shadowing Margin and Soft Handover Gain Estimation 99
3.1.4 Cell Range and Cell Coverage Area Estimation 100
3.1.5 Capacity and Coverage Analysis in the Initial Planning Phase 100
3.1.6 Dimensioning of WCDMA Networks with HSDPA 102
3.1.7 RNC Dimensioning 105
3.2 Detailed Planning 109
3.2.1 General Requirements for a Radio Network Planning Tool 110
3.2.2 Initialisation: Defining the Radio Network Layout 124
3.2.3 Detailed Uplink and Downlink Iterations 129
3.2.4 Adjacent Channel Interference Calculations 137
3.2.5 Post-processing: Network Coverage Prediction and Common
Channel Analysis 139
3.3 Verification of Dimensioning with Static Simulations 142
3.3.1 Macro-cellular Network Layout 143
3.3.2 Introduction to the Simulation Parameters 144
3.4 Verification of Static Simulator with Dynamic Simulations 149
3.4.1 Introduction to the Dynamic Simulator 149
3.4.2 Comparison of the Results 151
3.5 Optimisation of the Radio Network Plan 154
3.5.1 Ideal Case 154
3.5.2 Shinjuku Case 158
vi Contents
3.6 Interference in WCDMA Multi-operator Environment 162
3.6.1 Sources of Adjacent Channel Interference 163
3.6.2 Minimum Coupling Loss 164
3.6.3 Dead Zones 166
3.6.4 ACI Simulation Cases 166
3.6.5 Guidelines for Radio Network Planning to Avoid ACI 174
3.7 Cell Deployment Strategies 175
3.7.1 Rollout 176
3.7.2 Hierarchical Cell Structures in WCDMA Networks 177
References 194
4 Radio Resource Utilisation 197
Achim Wacker, Jaana Laiho, Toma´sˇ Novosad, David Soldani, Chris Johnson,
Tero Kola and Ted Buot
4.1 Introduction to Radio Resource Management 197
4.2 Power Control 198
4.2.1 Open-loop Power Control 198
4.2.2 Power Control on Downlink Common Channels 200
4.2.3 Inner-loop Power Control 201
4.2.4 Outer-loop Power Control 207
4.2.5 Power Control during Compressed Mode 209
4.2.6 Power Control with Transmit Power Control Command
Errors 210
4.2.7 Fast Power Control and User Equipment Speed 210
4.3 Handover Control 211
4.3.1 Intra-system–Intra-frequency Soft Handover 212
4.3.2 Intra-system–Intra-frequency Hard Handover 213
4.3.3 Intra-system–Inter-frequency Handover 213
4.3.4 Inter-system Handover 214
4.3.5 Handover Measurement Reporting 214
4.3.6 Compressed Mode 223
4.3.7 Inter-system Handover Procedure 224
4.4 Congestion Control 233
4.4.1 Definition of Air Interface Load 233
4.4.2 Admission Control 235
4.4.3 Packet Scheduling 237
4.4.4 Load Control 242
4.5 Resource Management 244
4.5.1 The Tree of Orthogonal Channelisation Codes in Downlink 244
4.5.2 Code Management 245
4.6 RRU for High-speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) 250
4.6.1 Power Control for High-speed Downlink Packet Access 250
4.6.2 Congestion Control for High-speed Downlink Packet Access 252
4.6.3 Handover Control and Mobility Management for
High-speed Downlink Packet Access 253
4.6.4 Resource Manager for High-speed Downlink Packet Access 255
Contents vii
4.7 Impact of Radio Resource Utilisation on Network Performance 256
4.7.1 Impact of Fast Power Control and Soft Handover on
Network Performance 256
4.7.2 Radio Resource Management Optimisation Examples 267
4.7.3 Call Setup Delay 275
References 277
5 WCDMA–GSM Co-planning Issues 279
Kari Heiska, Toma´s˘ Novosad, Pauli Aikio, Chris Johnson and Josef Fuhl
5.1 Radio Frequency Issues 279
5.1.1 Thermal Noise 279
5.1.2 Man-made Noise 281
5.1.3 Interference Scenarios 281
5.1.4 Interference Reduction Methods 282
5.2 Noise Measurements 285
5.2.1 Acceptable Radio Frequency Environment 285
5.2.2 Conducting Measurements in a Real Environment 287
5.2.3 Measurement Results 289
5.2.4 Conclusions 292
5.3 Radio Network Planning Issues 293
5.3.1 Co-planning Process 294
5.3.2 Transmission Planning 301
5.3.3 Perception of Different Technologies by the End-user 302
5.3.4 Tight Usage of Frequency Spectrum by Different
Technologies 302
5.4 Narrowband and WCDMA System Operation in Adjacent
Frequency Bands 303
5.4.1 Interference Mechanisms 305
5.4.2 Worst Case Analysis 308
5.4.3 Simulation Case Study with a Static Simulator 310
5.4.4 Capacity Reduction 323
5.4.5 Summary and Radio Network Planning Guidelines 327
References

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3 WCDMA Radio Network Planning 93
Achim Wacker, Jaana Laiho, Toma´sˇ Novosad, Terhi Rautiainen and
Kimmo Tera¨va¨
3.1 Dimensioning 95
3.1.1 WCDMA-specific Issues in Radio Link Budgets 95
3.1.2 Receiver Sensitivity Estimation 98
3.1.3 Shadowing Margin and Soft Handover Gain Estimation 99
3.1.4 Cell Range and Cell Coverage Area Estimation 100
3.1.5 Capacity and Coverage Analysis in the Initial Planning Phase 100
3.1.6 Dimensioning of WCDMA Networks with HSDPA 102
3.1.7 RNC Dimensioning 105
3.2 Detailed Planning 109
3.2.1 General Requirements for a Radio Network Planning Tool 110
3.2.2 Initialisation: Defining the Radio Network Layout 124
3.2.3 Detailed Uplink and Downlink Iterations 129
3.2.4 Adjacent Channel Interference Calculations 137
3.2.5 Post-processing: Network Coverage Prediction and Common
Channel Analysis 139
3.3 Verification of Dimensioning with Static Simulations 142
3.3.1 Macro-cellular Network Layout 143
3.3.2 Introduction to the Simulation Parameters 144
3.4 Verification of Static Simulator with Dynamic Simulations 149
3.4.1 Introduction to the Dynamic Simulator 149
3.4.2 Comparison of the Results 151
3.5 Optimisation of the Radio Network Plan 154
3.5.1 Ideal Case 154
3.5.2 Shinjuku Case 158
vi Contents
3.6 Interference in WCDMA Multi-operator Environment 162
3.6.1 Sources of Adjacent Channel Interference 163
3.6.2 Minimum Coupling Loss 164
3.6.3 Dead Zones 166
3.6.4 ACI Simulation Cases 166
3.6.5 Guidelines for Radio Network Planning to Avoid ACI 174
3.7 Cell Deployment Strategies 175
3.7.1 Rollout 176
3.7.2 Hierarchical Cell Structures in WCDMA Networks 177
References 194
4 Radio Resource Utilisation 197
Achim Wacker, Jaana Laiho, Toma´sˇ Novosad, David Soldani, Chris Johnson,
Tero Kola and Ted Buot
4.1 Introduction to Radio Resource Management 197
4.2 Power Control 198
4.2.1 Open-loop Power Control 198
4.2.2 Power Control on Downlink Common Channels 200
4.2.3 Inner-loop Power Control 201
4.2.4 Outer-loop Power Control 207
4.2.5 Power Control during Compressed Mode 209
4.2.6 Power Control with Transmit Power Control Command
Errors 210
4.2.7 Fast Power Control and User Equipment Speed 210
4.3 Handover Control 211
4.3.1 Intra-system–Intra-frequency Soft Handover 212
4.3.2 Intra-system–Intra-frequency Hard Handover 213
4.3.3 Intra-system–Inter-frequency Handover 213
4.3.4 Inter-system Handover 214
4.3.5 Handover Measurement Reporting 214
4.3.6 Compressed Mode 223
4.3.7 Inter-system Handover Procedure 224
4.4 Congestion Control 233
4.4.1 Definition of Air Interface Load 233
4.4.2 Admission Control 235
4.4.3 Packet Scheduling 237
4.4.4 Load Control 242
4.5 Resource Management 244
4.5.1 The Tree of Orthogonal Channelisation Codes in Downlink 244
4.5.2 Code Management 245
4.6 RRU for High-speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) 250
4.6.1 Power Control for High-speed Downlink Packet Access 250
4.6.2 Congestion Control for High-speed Downlink Packet Access 252
4.6.3 Handover Control and Mobility Management for
High-speed Downlink Packet Access 253
4.6.4 Resource Manager for High-speed Downlink Packet Access 255
Contents vii
4.7 Impact of Radio Resource Utilisation on Network Performance 256
4.7.1 Impact of Fast Power Control and Soft Handover on
Network Performance 256
4.7.2 Radio Resource Management Optimisation Examples 267
4.7.3 Call Setup Delay 275
References 277
5 WCDMA–GSM Co-planning Issues 279
Kari Heiska, Toma´s˘ Novosad, Pauli Aikio, Chris Johnson and Josef Fuhl
5.1 Radio Frequency Issues 279
5.1.1 Thermal Noise 279
5.1.2 Man-made Noise 281
5.1.3 Interference Scenarios 281
5.1.4 Interference Reduction Methods 282
5.2 Noise Measurements 285
5.2.1 Acceptable Radio Frequency Environment 285
5.2.2 Conducting Measurements in a Real Environment 287
5.2.3 Measurement Results 289
5.2.4 Conclusions 292
5.3 Radio Network Planning Issues 293
5.3.1 Co-planning Process 294
5.3.2 Transmission Planning 301
5.3.3 Perception of Different Technologies by the End-user 302
5.3.4 Tight Usage of Frequency Spectrum by Different
Technologies 302
5.4 Narrowband and WCDMA System Operation in Adjacent
Frequency Bands 303
5.4.1 Interference Mechanisms 305
5.4.2 Worst Case Analysis 308
5.4.3 Simulation Case Study with a Static Simulator 310
5.4.4 Capacity Reduction 323
5.4.5 Summary and Radio Network Planning Guidelines 327
References

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[imanoorshofi]

3 WCDMA Radio Network Planning 93
Achim Wacker, Jaana Laiho, Toma´sˇ Novosad, Terhi Rautiainen and
Kimmo Tera¨va¨
3.1 Dimensioning 95
3.1.1 WCDMA-specific Issues in Radio Link Budgets 95
3.1.2 Receiver Sensitivity Estimation 98
3.1.3 Shadowing Margin and Soft Handover Gain Estimation 99
3.1.4 Cell Range and Cell Coverage Area Estimation 100
3.1.5 Capacity and Coverage Analysis in the Initial Planning Phase 100
3.1.6 Dimensioning of WCDMA Networks with HSDPA 102
3.1.7 RNC Dimensioning 105
3.2 Detailed Planning 109
3.2.1 General Requirements for a Radio Network Planning Tool 110
3.2.2 Initialisation: Defining the Radio Network Layout 124
3.2.3 Detailed Uplink and Downlink Iterations 129
3.2.4 Adjacent Channel Interference Calculations 137
3.2.5 Post-processing: Network Coverage Prediction and Common
Channel Analysis 139
3.3 Verification of Dimensioning with Static Simulations 142
3.3.1 Macro-cellular Network Layout 143
3.3.2 Introduction to the Simulation Parameters 144
3.4 Verification of Static Simulator with Dynamic Simulations 149
3.4.1 Introduction to the Dynamic Simulator 149
3.4.2 Comparison of the Results 151
3.5 Optimisation of the Radio Network Plan 154
3.5.1 Ideal Case 154
3.5.2 Shinjuku Case 158
vi Contents
3.6 Interference in WCDMA Multi-operator Environment 162
3.6.1 Sources of Adjacent Channel Interference 163
3.6.2 Minimum Coupling Loss 164
3.6.3 Dead Zones 166
3.6.4 ACI Simulation Cases 166
3.6.5 Guidelines for Radio Network Planning to Avoid ACI 174
3.7 Cell Deployment Strategies 175
3.7.1 Rollout 176
3.7.2 Hierarchical Cell Structures in WCDMA Networks 177
References 194
4 Radio Resource Utilisation 197
Achim Wacker, Jaana Laiho, Toma´sˇ Novosad, David Soldani, Chris Johnson,
Tero Kola and Ted Buot
4.1 Introduction to Radio Resource Management 197
4.2 Power Control 198
4.2.1 Open-loop Power Control 198
4.2.2 Power Control on Downlink Common Channels 200
4.2.3 Inner-loop Power Control 201
4.2.4 Outer-loop Power Control 207
4.2.5 Power Control during Compressed Mode 209
4.2.6 Power Control with Transmit Power Control Command
Errors 210
4.2.7 Fast Power Control and User Equipment Speed 210
4.3 Handover Control 211
4.3.1 Intra-system–Intra-frequency Soft Handover 212
4.3.2 Intra-system–Intra-frequency Hard Handover 213
4.3.3 Intra-system–Inter-frequency Handover 213
4.3.4 Inter-system Handover 214
4.3.5 Handover Measurement Reporting 214
4.3.6 Compressed Mode 223
4.3.7 Inter-system Handover Procedure 224
4.4 Congestion Control 233
4.4.1 Definition of Air Interface Load 233
4.4.2 Admission Control 235
4.4.3 Packet Scheduling 237
4.4.4 Load Control 242
4.5 Resource Management 244
4.5.1 The Tree of Orthogonal Channelisation Codes in Downlink 244
4.5.2 Code Management 245
4.6 RRU for High-speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) 250
4.6.1 Power Control for High-speed Downlink Packet Access 250
4.6.2 Congestion Control for High-speed Downlink Packet Access 252
4.6.3 Handover Control and Mobility Management for
High-speed Downlink Packet Access 253
4.6.4 Resource Manager for High-speed Downlink Packet Access 255
Contents vii
4.7 Impact of Radio Resource Utilisation on Network Performance 256
4.7.1 Impact of Fast Power Control and Soft Handover on
Network Performance 256
4.7.2 Radio Resource Management Optimisation Examples 267
4.7.3 Call Setup Delay 275
References 277
5 WCDMA–GSM Co-planning Issues 279
Kari Heiska, Toma´s˘ Novosad, Pauli Aikio, Chris Johnson and Josef Fuhl
5.1 Radio Frequency Issues 279
5.1.1 Thermal Noise 279
5.1.2 Man-made Noise 281
5.1.3 Interference Scenarios 281
5.1.4 Interference Reduction Methods 282
5.2 Noise Measurements 285
5.2.1 Acceptable Radio Frequency Environment 285
5.2.2 Conducting Measurements in a Real Environment 287
5.2.3 Measurement Results 289
5.2.4 Conclusions 292
5.3 Radio Network Planning Issues 293
5.3.1 Co-planning Process 294
5.3.2 Transmission Planning 301
5.3.3 Perception of Different Technologies by the End-user 302
5.3.4 Tight Usage of Frequency Spectrum by Different
Technologies 302
5.4 Narrowband and WCDMA System Operation in Adjacent
Frequency Bands 303
5.4.1 Interference Mechanisms 305
5.4.2 Worst Case Analysis 308
5.4.3 Simulation Case Study with a Static Simulator 310
5.4.4 Capacity Reduction 323
5.4.5 Summary and Radio Network Planning Guidelines 327
References

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